1. What is mesh network ?
Ans. A mesh network is a network in which there are multiple network links
between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
2. What is cladding ?
Ans. Cladding refers to a layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
3. What is point-to-point protocol ?
Ans. A point-to-point protocol is a communication protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.
4. What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?
Ans. Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.
5. What is Bandwidth ?
Ans. Every communication line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the
frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
6. What are the important topologies for networks ?
Ans. BUS topology. In this, each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages :
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology. In this, all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages :
-> Not very expensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology. In this, all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages :
->All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
7. Differentiate between bit rate and baud rate ?
Ans :- Bit rate is the number of bit transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal unit per second that are required to represent those bit.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
8. What are the different types of networking / inter networking devices ?
Ans.
Repeater :- Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges :- These divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipient and control congestion.
Routers :- They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e., LANs of different type). They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways :- They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g., between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it.
9. What are major types of networks? Explain.
Ans.
– Peer-to-peer network.
– Server-based network.
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralised control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration.
10. What is attenuation ?
Ans. The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
11. What is MAC address ?
Ans. The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
12. What are the types of Transmission media ?
Ans. Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are
broadly classified in to two categories :
Guided Media:- These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium.
Unguided Media. This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic
waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
13. What is a Firewall ?
Ans. Firewall is a protective boundary for a network and it prevents the unauthorized access to a network. firewall can be implemented dot in software or hardware forms. Basic purpose of all the firewall software and hardware is same i.e., to block the unauthorized user access to a network.
14. What is WAN?
Ans. WAN stands for wide area network and it covers the broader geographical area. Basically there are three types of a computer network
LAN (Local Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network). The communication in a WAN is based on the Routers. A WAN network can cover a city, country or continents.
15. What is Network Gateway ?
Ans. Network Gateway can be software or a hardware. A gateway is usually a joining point in a network i.e., it connects two networks. A computer with two LAN cards can act as a gateway.
16. What is a Router ?
Ans. A router routes the traffic to its destination based on the source and destination IP addresses, which are placed in the routing software known as routing table.
17. How does Fiber Optic Cable work ?
Ans. Fiber optics provides the fastest communication medium for data and voice. Data can travel at the speed of light through the fiber optic cables. ISPs and corporate offices are usually connected with each other with the fiber optic cables to provide high speed connectivity.
18. What is computer Network ?
Ans. A Network is an interconnection of devices.
Or A network is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers.
19. What is Networking ?
Ans. Networking is the communication between the interconnected devices to
share the network resources.
20. Name different types of Networks.
Ans. LAN, WAN, MAN and PAN.
21. What are distinct features of WAN ?
Ans.
(i) Operates over a large geographic area.
(ii) Allows access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds.
(iii) Provides fulltime and part time connectivity.
(iv) Connects devices separated over wide, even global Areas.
22. What are HUB, SWITCH and Router ?
Ans.
-> A Hub is a device into which can connect all devices on network. So they can communicate together. Hub is a broadcast device.
-> A Switch is a device into which can connect all devices on network. So they can communicate together. Switch is a unicast device.
-> Router is a device, which allows communication possible between two or more different networks present in different or same geographic location.
23. What is topology ?
Ans. Topology is a type of network connection of a system. Topology is divided into two forms: physical topology and logical topology.
-> Physical topology. The layout of the physical cabling in a network.
-> Logical topology. The logical path of the signal as it travels through the physical topology in a network.
24. What is NIC ?
Ans. Network interface card is an interface between the computer and LAN
25. Define the following terms: (i) Node (ii) Workstation (iti) Server (iv) NIU (v) TAP
Ans.
(i) Node. A computer that is attached to a network is known as node.
(ii) Workstation. A node is also called workstation.
(iii) Server. A computer that facilitates resource sharing on a network. (iv) NIU. NIU means Network Interface Unit. It is an interpreter that helps establish communication between the server and the workstations.
(v) TAP. TAP means Terminal Access Point. It is another name for NIU.
26. What is meant by internetworking ?
Ans. Internetworking is the connection of two or more networks.
27. What is a Gateway ?
Ans. A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar networks.
28. What do you mean by a backbone network ?
Ans. A backbone network is a network that is used as a backbone to connect
several LANs together to form a WAN.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) is such a network. FDDI is a high performance fiber optic token ring LAN running at 100 Mbps over distances upto 200 kms with upto 1000 stations connected.
29. What is meant by Client/Server architecture ?
Ans. Client/Server architecture refers to a network in which a workstation can request information from a computer that can share resources i.e., the server.
In client/server networking, the user programs called clients, have to request the server for the required data/action instead of carrying it out themselves. The client is also called front-end and the server is also called back-end.
30. What is E-mail ? What are its advantages ?
Ans. E-mail (Electronic mail) refers to sending and receiving messages by a computer.
The major advantages of E-mail are :
(i) Easy record maintenance
(ii) Waste reduction
(iii) Low Cost
(iv) Fast delivery
31. What are the different types of networks ?
Ans. Networks vary widely in their size, complexity and geographical spread. On the basis of geographical spread, networks can be classified into three categories :
(i) Local Area Networks (LANs). These are computer networks confined to a localised area such as an office or a factory.
(ii) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs). These are the networks that link computer
facilities within a city.
(iii) Wide Area Networks (WANs). These are the networks spread over large distances, say across countries or even continents. It can even include a group of LANS connected together.
32. What is the role of bandwidth ?
Ans. Bandwidth means the capacity of a medium to transmit a signal. It is the bandwidth that determines the amount of information that can be transmitted for a distance. To carry digital signals, baseband modulation is used that allows transmission at a single frequency at a time. To carry RF (radio frequency) signals, broadband modulation is used that allows multiple transmission taking place at different frequencies.
33.What is a server ? What is its role?
Ans. A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software, and hardware resources on a network, is called server. Since resource sharing is the key purpose of a network, a server plays this key role.
There can be two types of servers :
-> Non-dedicated Servers. It is a work- station on a small network that can double up as a server.
-> Dedicated Server. On bigger networks, a computer is reserved for the cause of serving which is called a dedicated server.
34. What are protocols ?
Ans. A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. Protocol defines standardized formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors and so on.
For effective use of a network it must follow a standardized protocol. There are various protocols that are used in various types of networks. For example, IBM LAN software, DEC net (Digital’s family of communication protocols), TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) etc. TCP/IP is the native protocol of Internet.
35. What is World Wide Web and what are its advantages ?
Ans. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a set of protocols that allows you to access any document on the NET through a naming system based on URLS (URL means Uniform Resource Locator which is a pointer to information on the WWW. It can include pointers to other types of resources such as ft servers and gopher server in addition to WWW servers) WWW also specifies a way the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to request and send a document over the internet. With these standard protocols of WWW is place, one can set up a server and construct hypertext documents with links in them that point to the document on the server.
