PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Chapter 7 - PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS
Overview
- Physiological Factors Determining Components of Physical Fitness
- Effect of Exercise on the Muscular System
- Effect of Exercise on the Cardio-Respiratory System
- Physiological Changes due to Aging
- Sports Injuries: Classification (Soft Tissue Injuries – Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain; Bone & Joint Injuries – Dislocation, Fractures – Green Stick, Comminuted, Transverse Oblique & Impacted)
Chapter 7 - PHYSIOLOGY AND INJURIES IN SPORTS
1. Physiological Factors Determining Physical Fitness
1. Skeletal Muscle Factors
Slow-Twitch Fibers (Type I): Suited for endurance activities like long-distance running due to high oxidative capacity.
Fast-Twitch Fibers (Type II): Suited for power and speed activities like sprints and jumps due to higher anaerobic capacity.
Role in Performance: Different proportions of these fibers influence strength, speed, and endurance. Athletes like sprinters have more Type II fibers, while endurance runners have more Type I fibers.
2. Energy Production
Energy derived from ATP through:
ATP-CP System: Short-duration, high-intensity activities.
Anaerobic System: Energy for activities lasting under 2 minutes.
Aerobic System: Supports long-duration activities like marathons.
Fuel Sources
Carbohydrates provide immediate energy.
Fats supply sustained energy for long-duration efforts.
Proteins contribute minimally but are vital for recovery.
3.Cardiorespiratory Factors
Oxygen transportation and nutrient delivery depend on cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 Max) reflects efficiency in endurance activities.
4. Components of Physical Fitness Influenced by Physiological Factors
Strength: High in fast-twitch fiber activities.
Endurance: Reliant on slow-twitch fibers and aerobic systems.
Speed: Requires ATP-CP system and rapid neural activation.
Flexibility: Dependent on muscle elasticity and joint mobility.
2. Effects of Exercise on Body Systems
1. Muscular System
a. Short-Term Effects
Increased blood supply, flexibility, and temperature.
Micro-tears in muscle fibers leading to soreness.
b. Long-Term Effects
Muscle hypertrophy (growth in size).
Enhanced strength of ligaments and tendons.
Improved glycogen storage, mitochondrial efficiency, and metabolism.
c. Cardiorespiratory System
Short-Term: Increased heart rate, blood flow, and blood pressure.
Long-Term: Improved heart size (cardiac hypertrophy), stroke volume, and reduced resting heart rate.
d. Respiratory System
Short-Term: Increased breathing rate and tidal volume.
Long-Term: Greater lung capacity and efficiency of gas exchange.
3. Physiological Changes Due to Ageing
Muscular Strength: Declines post-40 due to muscle atrophy.
Neural Function: Reduced nerve conduction affecting reflexes.
Cardiovascular Function: Decrease in maximum heart rate and aerobic capacity.
Bone Mass: Loss leading to conditions like osteoporosis.
Pulmonary Function: Reduced lung capacity and slower gas exchange.
4. Sports Injuries
1. Types of Injuries
a. Soft Tissue :
Abrasion: Surface skin damage.
Sprain: Ligament injury due to overstretching.
Strain: Muscle or tendon injury.
b. Hard Tissue :
Fractures: Breaks in bones, categorized as stress, greenstick, transverse, etc.
Dislocation: Bones displaced at joints.
2. Treatment Strategies
RICE Method: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
Use of medication and physical therapy for recovery.
Surgery for severe fractures or dislocations.
3.
5. Community Sports
Definition :- Sports activities involving all members of a community for health, social, and economic benefits.
Purpose and Benefits
1. Health :-
- Reduces lifestyle diseases.
- Promotes physical and mental well-being.
2. Social :-
- Builds connections and a sense of belonging.
- Enhances group cohesion and cultural integration.
3. Psychological
- Boosts self-esteem and stress management.
4.Economic
- Reduces healthcare costs.
- Encourages productive, healthy living.
Popular Events
1. Sports Day
- Encourages mass participation and showcases talent.
2. Runs
- Health Run: Spreads health awareness.
- Run for Unity: Promotes community bonding.
- Run for Fun: Focuses on fitness in a non-competitive way.