PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Chapter :- 9 PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Overview
Chapter 9 :- PSYCHOLOGY AND SPORTS
Personality in Sports
Definition and Concept
- Personality is the combination of thoughts, characteristics, behaviors, and attitudes that make an individual unique.
- The term comes from the Latin word *persona*, meaning “mask,” symbolizing outward behavior and inner traits.
- According to Robert A. Baron, “Personality is an individual’s unique and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings.
Theories of Personality
1. Jung’s Classification
- Introverts: Reserved, thoughtful, prefer solitude.
- Extroverts: Outgoing, social, enjoy being the center of attention.
- Includes personality functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, Intuition.
2. Big Five Theory (OCEAN)
- Openness**: Creativity, imagination vs. narrow-mindedness.
- Conscientiousness: Organization, responsibility vs. carelessness.
- Extraversion: Sociability, energy vs. reserve.
- Agreeableness: Friendliness, cooperation vs. antagonism.
- Neuroticism: Emotional stability vs. anxiety and mood swings.
Motivation in Sports
Definition
- Motivation is the driving force behind actions and behaviors.
- Derived from the Latin word *movere*, meaning “to move.”
Types of Motivation
- Intrinsic Motivation: Internal factors such as joy, satisfaction, and self-improvement drive action.
- Extrinsic Motivation: External factors like rewards, recognition, or avoiding punishment influence behavior.
Motivation Techniques
- Goal Setting: Define specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound goals.
- Feedback: Provide constructive and timely feedback to athletes.
- Individualized Training Programs: Tailor programs to meet each athlete’s needs.
- Social Support: Encourage group participation to enhance motivation.
Exercise Adherence
Definition :-
- Refers to maintaining consistent participation in physical activity over time.
Reasons for Exercise
- Health Benefits: Prevents cardiovascular diseases, strengthens bones, and improves immunity.
- Mental Relaxation: Helps reduce stress and anxiety.
- Socialization: Promotes interaction with peers.
- Recreation: Offers fun and relaxation.
Strategies for Enhancing Adherence
- Variety: Introduce new activities to prevent boredom.
- Social Support: Engage peers and family for encouragement.
- Incentives and Rewards: Recognize consistent efforts.
- Goal Setting: Use realistic targets to motivate participants.
Aggression in Sports
Definition :-
- Aggression is intentional behavior aimed at harming someone physically or psychologically.
Types of Aggression
- Hostile Aggression: Motivated by anger, aims to harm the opponent (e.g., physical fights).
- Instrumental Aggression: Goal-oriented aggression used as a means to an end (e.g., fouling to stop a play).
Management of Aggression
- Provide socially acceptable outlets (e.g., punching bags).
- Use positive reinforcement for good behavior.
- Model non-aggressive behavior at the professional level.
- Train athletes to manage anger through role-playing.
Psychological Attributes in Sports
Key Attributes
1. Self-Esteem :-
- Reflects confidence and self-respect.
- Influenced by athletic achievements and body image.
2. Mental Imagery :-
- Visualization technique used to enhance performance.
- ncludes internal imagery (personal perspective) and external imagery (observer’s perspective).
3. Self-Talk :-
- Positive inner dialogue to boost confidence and focus.
4. Goal Setting :-
- Helps athletes stay motivated and track progress.