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File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) in Linux
The File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the structure and purpose of directories in Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It provides a consistent layout so that users, applications, and scripts can easily find files regardless of the Linux distribution being used.
Importance of FHS
Consistency – Ensures the same directory layout across systems.
Ease of use – Users know where to look for configuration files, binaries, and logs.
Portability – Applications and scripts can run on different Linux distributions without modification.
System organization – Separates system files, user files, and temporary files.
Common Directories in FHS
| Directory | Purpose |
|---|---|
| / | Root directory, top of the file system tree. |
| /bin | Essential command binaries (e.g., ls, cp, mv). |
| /boot | Files needed for booting (kernel, bootloader). |
| /dev | Device files (e.g., /dev/sda for disks). |
| /etc | Configuration files for system and services. |
| /home | Personal directories for users. |
| /lib | Shared libraries required by system programs. |
| /media | Mount points for removable media (USB, CD/DVD). |
| /mnt | Temporary mount point for filesystems. |
| /opt | Optional or third-party software packages. |
| /proc | Virtual filesystem providing process and kernel info. |
| /root | Home directory for the root (admin) user. |
| /sbin | System binaries for administration (e.g., reboot). |
| /tmp | Temporary files (cleared on reboot). |
| /usr | User programs, libraries, documentation. |
| /var | Variable data (logs, mail, spool files). |